Remote Sensing/ Topographic Map

http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/remote-sensing/advancedmethods/googleearth.html

This is an aerial photograph that acts as a topographic map. It depicts George Washington's Birthplace which is a national memorial. You can see the varying land uses around the park. This is useful for tourists planning a guide to the area to get a feel for what they might find.

Cadastral Maps

http://www.jewishgen.org/galicia/CadastralMapProject.html

This is a Cadastral map. These maps are used to show an actual parcel of land that is developed, it includes measurements for the buildings and streets that it encompasses. A cadastral map can include a number of details, including information about tax rates, who owns the land, which kinds of structures are present and what the zoning for the region is. This particular map shows a historic account of a traditionally Jewish Austrian   town.

Thematic Map

http://www.planetaryvisions.com/Project.php?pid=2218

Thematic maps show a particular theme that relates to a particular area. The theme can be more abstract/social such as political affiliation for an area, or something physical in the natural world like different biospheres such as this map displays. This map shows very generalized renderings of the worlds many ecosystems in an attempt to classify the environmental gradients in an easily deciphered map.

Topographic Map

http://mapsof.net/italy/static-maps/jpg/italy-topographic-map-blank

Topographic maps show changes in elevation using either shading or contour lines, this usually depicts a relatively large area. This particular map depicts the Italian peninsula and surrounding areas. The changes in elevation are depicted by shading that is defined by the legend on the upper right side. Areas along the coast tend are of lower elevation than the middle line of the country and you can see the Alps at the top of Italy that have the highest elevation on this map. 

Planimetric Map

http://www.bestcountryreports.com/Political_Map_Bosnia%20&%20Herzegovina_Provinces.html

This is a planimetric map of the countries Bosnia and Herzegovina. A planimetric map is a topographic map that depicts shape and distance of an area but does not show elevations or other topographical information. Useful on travel maps and for political purposes where one might only need to view the size and location of a given country. 

Mental Map

http://www.economist.com/node/13326106?story_id=13326106

This is a mental map that greatly distorts the geographic shape and distance between basically every country in the world. Specifically it depicts China's perceived relationship, both geographic and cultural, to the United States. It depicts China as viewing itself as a large and wealthy power while the rest of the world is negligible. The one nation that it views as any sort of equal is the U.S. in this mental map and even that country is depicted in this mental map as being broken and in decline. An interesting view on how economics and politics shape our world view.